I find that class thus far has put me in somewhat of a ethical paradox - almost of crisis of my known reality. I come, in my practical work with young children, from a view that I would have previously described as pretty "anti-behaviorist" and very "pro-social constructivism." But now I find myself questioning the very meaning of these terms, and how they translate into practice...
There are so many questions floating in my head it is difficult to narrow down a logical train of thought, but I'll attempt to start with just one... Can we truly be "internally" motivated? Ultimately this question leads me to want to define what it means to be internally motivated - and even here the road is bumpy and treacherous.
In my own work with children, I've felt most comfortable using conversation to promote optimal choices. An example - why should Billy sit and listen in group time? Not for some sticker or a "green light" or some other, what I would have called "exterior" nonsense, but because he understands and sees the benefit of listening - what I would lable the "true" reason that listening in this context is important. It allows him to hear what is happening in the day, to hear the ideas of his classmates to see what he would like to do with his time, so that he can be respectful of others words, just as they are respect of his contributions (we want others to listent to us). So, when Billy is not listening, these are the things I would mention, recognizing it is a process, and hoping overtime Billy would see the benefits of listening - the give and take of talking in a group setting.
But what is Billy's real motivator? Is it my smile or positive tone when he does listen and contribute in the appropriate ways? Is it the feedback from his peers, wanting to include him because Billy shows pro-social behavior? Is is because he has developed an internal desire to be respectful? Is it because he realizes the only way to have others hear him is to listen himself? Is it the structure of grouptime itself? Does it change overtime?
I want to believe we are cultivating respect and the internal drive to do what is "right" for its own sake, developing the basis of some sort of ethic... But I struggle with this, are we ultimately just doing what we do, what we might even call "moral" acts, because we want the same done unto us - and in that way, I would argue we are not really internally motivated. To me, internal motivation means that we can "rise above" whatever the benefit (or lack there of) may be to us.
So I tried to think of an altruistic act that would have little to no impact on the do-er. Let's take putting money in the salvation army bucket - now, as it is typically change and you have no receipt, we can probably knock off "tax benefit" - but when I step back to think about it there are quite a few motivators still lurking: the smile, nod, and thank you from the person ringing the bell, the lack of guilt - some of us (myself included) feel that when we walk buy and do not contribute, or maybe just the warm glow inside (linking back to family and "feeling loved" we have learned from our own previous experiences that Michael mentioned in class) - ooh, or maybe its so that later in casual conversations we can mention it to friends (as a sublte, "see, I am so giving"). So are we doing it because we innately do not want to have others suffer? And if so, is that truly internal? Even if we do contribute because we have developed an ethic of giving to those less fortunate, is it ultimately to ease our own guilt for having so much?
I want to believe there is more... but I do not know how to reconcile it.
Sarah,
ReplyDeleteThis is what freaks a lot of people out about Skinner, the idea that we really can't pre-suppose anything internal, that all our actions are based in some way upon reinforcement, and the sooner we understand this the better the chance we have of understanding our society and why people do the things that they do. Watch as this class goes on, people will begin cutting back on their reading and trying to limit their posting because they are worried about completing the work and getting a good grade in another class. This even though they might not think the work in the other class as worthwhile, but they already have the A in this class. Now think for a second about what's going on here, they are devoting time and energy to something they are less interested in and believe they will get less out of for a letter grade that is more or less meaningless in their lives. How is this possible? A question that is asked over and over again is why do people so often act against their own obvious self-interests.
The answers is because these are not their self-interests. What people say are their self-interests are so often not the things that they are taught to do. And when you put something you are taught to do up against something you want to do, what you are taught to do will win all the time.
I might not be able to convince anybody logically and theoretically, but I do believe that internal motivation IS possible.
ReplyDeleteI love existental theories which emphasize human freedom of choice and taking responsibilities, and as I'm writing this, I sense that Skinner will argue that even though you think that you have freedom to choose, that's an illusion.
However, let's say that there are many options in my mind when I think about how much I would like to devote to this class. I can pretend that I'm interested in the class while I devote most of my time and energy in other classes (As Glassman assumed) but I can also choose to devote all the time and energy I have for this class simply because I like studying theory and discussing it (hohoho). Yes, Skinner will say that those two pathes are externally motivated by the society, but at least I can choose one! (Isn't this freedom at the very least?) I may even have more than two options!
As I started by saying that I might not convince anyone, I fired my "coping efficacy" to substitute the lack of self-efficacy in discussing this theory!:)
Michael,
ReplyDeleteI think you gave a really good example about cutting back on reading/blogging for this class, etc. Although this is the only class I am taking this quarter.
But what about this scenario....I logged onto the blog in Cognition last quarter way more frequently than I posted because I found it really interesting to read people's posts and hear what they thought about something. What is the reinforcer in this scenario?
Jennifer, maybe the feeling that someone agree/disagree with your own idea is the reinforcer? And your curiosity about other people's thoughts got satisfied?
ReplyDelete